Professur Nachhaltiges Bauen / Sustainable Construction

“We define our profession as architects as a combination between design and research,” says Dirk Hebel of ETH Zürich, a university specializing in engineering, science, technology and mathematics in the heart of Switzerland. The architect was interviewed by architectural movie makers PLANE–SITE as part of the “Time Space Existence” collateral exhibition at La Biennale di Venezia 2016, opening up a fascinating debate over the presumed permanence of architecture and challenging all our preconceptions about the life-cycle of buildings.

Read more here.

The first installment in an interview series that explores the philosophical concerns of architects exhibiting at “TIME – SPACE – EXISTENCE,” a collateral event at the 2016 Venice Architecture Biennale, features Dirk Hebel of ETH Zürich.

World-Architects first became aware of the materials research that Hebel and his ETH colleagues having been undertaking when we visited a pavilion he designed for the IDEAS CITY Festival in New York City last year. Made from shredded beverage cartons pressed into wallboards, the striking pavilion featured arched structures resting on wood pallets. That project is visible in this four-minute interview with Hebel, who discusses the broader goals of his research, including the need to grow and cultivate materials rather than mining them. More information here.

Essay Series: Engineering bamboo – a green economic alternative Part 1 Professorship of Architecture and Construction Dirk E. Hebel: Steel-reinforced concrete is the most common building material in the world, and developing countries use close to 90 per cent of the cement and 80 per cent of the steel consumed by the global construction sector. However, very few developing countries have the ability or resources to produce their own steel or cement, forcing them into an exploitative import-relationship with the developed world. Out of 54 African nations, for instance, only two are producing steel. The other 52 countries all compete in the global marketplace for this ever-more-expensive, seemingly irreplaceable material.

Hebel, Dirk (2016). From break to breakthrough – operating in large-scale metabolic systems, in Breakthroughs – Ideas at ETH Zurich that shaped the world, Gerd Folkers, Martin Schmid (Hg.), ETH Zürich, Chronos Publishers, Zürich, Switzerland.

Every day and perhaps even every hour, there’s a scientist somewhere in the world making the next scientific breakthrough. Indeed, scientific development cannot take place in a vacuum; rather it thrives in an environment that offers inspiration and the necessary framework. One such place is ETH Zurich; it has flourished in this role over the course of its more than 150-year history. It is not presumptuous to claim that Peter Baccini in the 1980s and 90s as Head of Research at Eawag in Dübendorf (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology),developed the scientific fundamentals, tools and concepts of a radical paradigm shift in the waste management strategy of Switzerland that came to regard waste as a recurring resource and no longer solely as an undesirable substance to be disposed of. The pioneering innovation of his work was a new Swiss waste management model in 1986, which was not concerned with technical proposals for solutions to existing problems per se, but rather focused on formulating visionary social objectives of how waste can become an important part of the material management in our habitat.

PhD,  NTU Singapore, 2013
Master of Bioengineering, NTU Singapore, 2013

Contact: nazanin.saeidi@kit.edu

Senior researcher and Head of Research at the Chair of Sustainable Construction KIT Karlsruhe and Co-Principal Investigator at the Future Cities Laboratory of Singapore-ETH Centre, 2020 – present / Post-doc researcher at the Alternative Construction Materials Group at FCL Singapore, 2017-2020 / Post-doc researcher at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at National University of Singapore NUS, 2014-2017 / Post-doc research fellow at the Singapore Membrane Technology Center, 2013-2014

Dr. Nazanin Saeidi is currently a senior researcher and Head of Research at the Chair of Sustainable Construction at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT. She is also a Co-Principal Investigator of the Urban-Biocycle Project at the Future Cities Laboratory of Singapore-ETH Centre of Sustainability in Singapore. She is focusing on upcycling plant-based waste products and turning them to ecological products with the aid of fungal mycelia as a natural binder.

In her PhD at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore she worked on “Engineering microbes to sense and eradicate a human pathogen”. Her thesis work was impressive enough to get a publication space under Molecular Systems Biology (MSB) from Nature publishing Group, 2011, it was then featured in more than 70 public and academic media.

In 2013, she was appointed as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Singapore Membrane Technology Centre where she was working on “development of improved strategies to control Biofouling of membranes in water industry”. In 2014, she joined the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at National University of Singapore to persuade a new research experience where she was focusing on “Emerging microbial contaminants of concern in tropical urban catchments” and “The effect of diverse land use on the geospatial distribution of Emerging microbial contaminants of concern in tropical environments”.

During her academic life, she has received several awards and recognition from different conferences. Her recent distinguished success is to be named as one of the 20 emerging innovators in Asia Pacific by MIT Technology Review in 2020 for her work on sustainable construction materials.

M.Sc Mechanical Engineering, NUS, Singapore, 2023

Contact: xin.chan@kit.edu

Doctoral Student at the Institute of Industrial Production (IIP) KIT Karlsruhe 2025 – present / Research Associate at the IIP KIT Karlsruhe 2025 – present/ Research Assistant at the National University of Singapore 2024/ M.Sc at the National University of Singapore 2023/ Project Officer at Nanyang Technological University Singapore 2020-2022

Xin Ying Chan is a Research Associate and Ph.D. candidate at the Institute of Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). She holds an M.Sc. and B.Eng. from the National University of Singapore (NUS).
Her research focuses on mycelium composite applications and the development of production processes for the circular economy. She has gained experience in sustainable material production across various fields, including the development of bacterial-cellulose substrates from Kombucha and the design and testing of microstructure of ceramics.

Dirk Hebel will be be one of the jurors for the MaterialPREIS 2016. “Ziel des materialPREIS ist es eine öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit zu erlangen, die die Bedeutung von Materialität und deren Einfluss auf die räumliche Gestaltung und somit auf das menschliche Bewusstsein aufzeigt. Ausgezeichnet werden herausragende Materialien, die den definierten Kriterien der jeweiligen Kategorie in hohem Maße entsprechen.” More information here.

The publication Building from Waste (Hebel/Wisniewska/Heisel; Birkhäuser, 2014) will be published by a+u in Japanese. The book provides a conceptual and practical look into materials and products which use waste as a renewable resource for architectural, interior, and industrial design. The inventory ranges from marketed products to advanced research and development, organized along the manufacturing processes: densified, reconfigured, transformed, designed and cultivated materials. ”Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recover“ is the sustainable guideline that has replaced the ”Take, Make, Waste“ attitude of the industrial age. Based on their background at the ETH Zurich and the Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore, the authors provide both a conceptual and practical look into materials and products which use waste as a renewable resource. More information here.

Dirk Hebel speaks at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) on April 22, 2016 at the symposium Embodied Energy and Design. The event frames embodied energy—defined as the sum of energy required to produce, transport, assemble, and dispose of any building element—in the context of broader design ecosystems and architectural issues. Organized by David Benjamin, GSAPP. More information here.

The Federal Institute of Material Science and Technology EMPA commissioned the Professorship Dirk E. Hebel and the Werner Sobek Group Stuttgart to build a NEST Unit in Dübendorf with the theme “Urban Mining”. “Resource shortages, greenhouse gas emissions, polluted drinking water and much more are all symptomatic of a throw-away mentality in a society that produces more waste by the day and scatters it in the environment. The Urban Mining unit tackles this mindset head-on and sees waste as a goldmine of new materials.” More information  here.

As of March 2016, a project team of ETH students and architects formed to continue the planning process for the Cambodian Schoolhouse project. After a successful design semester in fall 2015, Smiling Gecko Foundation, the initiator and client of the project, decided to coninue the work with the Professorship of Dirk E. Hebel and support the formation of a planning team. Construction work is scheduled to start in November 2016 in the village of Melanork, two hours north of Phnom Penh.

As a first encounter with the studio theme of `Building for Disassembly`, students took 24 hours to dismantle a car in its 5000 single pieces. While doing so, an investigation started in order to understand which construction and connection principles are adequate for a disassembly approach and could be transferred into an architectural design process. Walter Haase of Werner Sobek`s Insitute of Lightweight Design and Construction ILEK at the University of Stuttgart, gave impressions of their current research approaches in the field and showed the potentials for the building industry. Directly after the dismanteling happened, students started to deepen their knowledge on the found architectural potentials with the first excercise of the semester, this time with a time frame of one week.

Hebel, Dirk E., Melakeselam Moges, Zara Gray, in collaboration with Something Fantastic (2015). SUDU – the Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit, Manual and Research, Ruby Press, Berlin, Germany

SUDU―the Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit―is a full-scale prototype for an affordable, two-story house built with local materials and traditional building techniques in Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa. Developed in a collaborative endeavor between the Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development and ETH Zurich, SUDU ties in with the rich tradition of loam construction while at the same time taking a fresh look at how to adapt this tradition to contemporary needs. Recapitulating SUDU’s idiosyncratic construction process in two lavishly illustrated volumes, this publication details the building techniques employed, such as rammed earth, mud bricks, and timbrel vaulting. The first volume additionally explores the history of Ethiopian architecture, the postcolonial nature of its current construction industry, and the challenges of the country’s rapid urbanization. The second volume, a manual with more than 600 detailed drawings and instructions, demonstrates how to build a house, step-by-step, with the most readily available building material―earth.

You can order the book right here.

Hebel, Dirk und Aurel von Richthofen (2016). Alternativen inklusive, in: Stadt gibt es nicht! Unbestimmtheit als Programm in Architektur und Städtebau, Andri Gerber und Stefan Kurath (Hrsg.), DOM Publishers, Berlin, Deutschland.

Den Urbanisierungsprozessen begegnet die Architektur- und Städtebautheorie seit Vitruv, Alberti, Filarete und sogar bis in die Neuzeit mit der Idealvorstellung von Stadt. Die richtige Stadt, die schöne Stadt oder etwa die gesunde Stadt scheinen Rezept und Medizin zugleich zu sein. Allerdings fehlt dieser Idealvorstellung die Wirkungskraft, da sie die Dynamiken des Stadtwerdens verdrängt, die insbesondere von Unbestimmheit geprägt sind. Unbestimmtheit muss zum Programm einer zeitgenössischen Praxis in Architektur und Städtebau werden, die sich nicht der ideengeschichtlichen Herleitung eines Ideals, sondern einer vertieften wirkungsgeschichtlichen Auseinandersetzung verschreibt. Ihr Ausgangspunkt ist nicht Stadt, sondern das Bewusstsein, dass Stadt als reproduzierbare Entität nicht existiert und somit nicht eingefordert werden kann. Dieser Band versammelt Einblicke in die Praxis der Architektur, der Planung sowie der Geschichtsschreibung. Die Texte spiegeln die Unbestimmheiten in Forschung, Lehre und Alltag. Zugleich legen sie Zeugnis ab über ein zeitgenössisches Arbeiten, das in Echtzeit Stadtwirklichkeiten zu verändern vermag.

On December 01, 2015, Ruby Press Berlin publishes SUDU, Research and Manual, edited by Dirk E. Hebel, Melakeselam Moges and Zara Gray.  SUDU—the Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit—is a full-scale prototype for an affordable, two-story house built with local materials and traditional building techniques in Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa. Developed in a collaborative endeavor between the Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development and ETH Zurich, SUDU ties in with the rich tradition of loam construction while at the same time taking a fresh look at how to adapt this tradition to contemporary needs.

Recapitulating SUDU’s idiosyncratic construction process in two lavishly illustrated volumes, this publication details the building techniques employed, such as rammed earth, mud bricks, and timbrel vaulting. The first volume additionally explores the history of Ethiopian architecture, the postcolonial nature of its current construction industry, and the challenges of the country’s rapid urbanization. The second volume, a manual with more than 600 detailed drawings and instructions, demonstrates how to build a house, step-by-step, with the most readily available building material—earth.

Kron, Ben (2015). Bambus-Stahl und Maurer-Roboter, in: baublatt (October 16 2015): 12–17

Seit fünf Jahren forscht die ETH Zürich in Singapur gemeinsam mit lokalen Unis an Lösungen für die Megacities der Zukunft. Die Wissenschaftler realisieren dabei eine Reihe von bemerkenswerten Projekten, die den Städtebau nachhaltig beeinflussen könnten.

World Architecture Festival 2015: bamboo could “revolutionise the building industry” and replace steel as the dominant reinforcing material, according to a professor who is working on new applications for the grass. Speaking at WAF in Singapore today, Dirk Hebel said that bamboo fibre could be used as a more sustainable and far cheaper alternative to steel on construction sites. “This has the potential to revolutionise our building industry and finally provide an alternative to the monopoly of reinforced concrete,” Hebel said.

Read the full article here.

Public lecture of Asst. Prof. Dirk E. Hebel at the Institut für Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren ILEK in Stuttgart on October 12, 2015 at 17:30pm.

Aliriza Javadian, PhD student in the Hebel Research Group at the Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore, wins top distinguished award in the 2015 Singapore Challenge: The Science of Future Cities for his research on Advanced Fiber Composite Materials. The Singapore Scientific Challenge 2015 is jointly organised by A*STAR, NUS, NTU, SMU and SUTD as part of A*STAR’s Science@50 initiative to mark a half-century of excellent science in Singapore on her 50th birthday. It seeks to promote engagements and collaborations amongst the wider scientific community and to raise the level of scientific thought leadership in Singapore.

Two public lectures by Asst. Prof. Dirk E. Hebel at the occasion of the World Architecture Festival in Singapore on November 04 and November 05 at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. From the organizers: “World Architecture Festival is the world’s largest international architectural event. It includes the biggest architectural awards programme in the world, dedicated to celebrating excellence via live presentations to delegates and international juries. This year’s programme 50:50 will examine how architecture and urbanism have changed during the last 50 years, how predictions have been fulfilled or denied, and how we think will change in the next 50 years.”

Public lecture by Asst. Prof. Dirk E. Hebel at the occasion of the exhibition “Wie Sand am Meer”, ERES-Stiftung München, on October 08, 2015. “Der Rohstoff Sand scheint unerschöpflich. Doch verschlingen heute vor allem Stahlbetonbauten der Megacities, Straßenbau und Landgewinnung solche Mengen, dass Bausand zur knappen Ressource wird. Durch die wachsende Nachfrage lohnt es sich inzwischen, Sand zu stehlen und zu schmuggeln. Insbesondere in Entwicklungsländern wird unkontrolliert abgebaut, Strände werden abgetragen, Flüsse geschürft und Meeresböden ausgebaggert. Engagiert und kenntnisreich geht die Münchner Künstlerin Stefanie Zoche verschiedensten Facetten dieses Themas nach. In eindringlichen Bildern und überraschender Formensprache formuliert sie die Gedankenlosigkeit und Widersprüchlichkeit unseres Umgangs mit der kostbaren Ressource Sand. Ein Großteil der gezeigten Skulpturen, Installationen und Videoarbeiten sind im Auftrag der ERES-Stiftung entstanden. Mit dem Projekt setzt die Stiftung ihren Ausstellungszyklus zum Thema Anthropozän fort und lenkt den Blick auf einen bislang wenig beachteten Aspekt des menschlichen Eingriffs in Geo- und Biosphäre.” (Bild und Text: Stephanie Zoche)

Public lecture by Asst. Professor Dirk E. Hebel, September 23, 2015, 6pm. “Mineralische Rohstoffe bilden die Grundlage unseres täglichen Lebens. Ihre Verfügbarkeit ist für uns selbstverständlich, und der weltweite Verbrauch nimmt stetig zu. Was sind die langfristigen Folgen unserer zunehmenden Nutzung nicht erneuerbarer Rohstoffe? Welche Herausforderungen kommen auf uns zu?”

Hebel, Dirk E, Aurel von Richthofen (2015). Sand, eine endliche Ressource, in Wie Sand am Meer, Reihe Kunst und Wissenschaft, Katalog zur Ausstellung, 08–11. München: ERES Stiftung.

Seine Fülle ist sprichwörtlich. Trotzdem gibt es ihn nicht mehr wie Sand am Meer. Wie es dazu kam, welche Alternativen sich abzeichnen und warum Wüstensand als Baumaterial ungeeignet ist.

Keynote speech by Asst. Prof. Dirk E. Hebel at the World Bamboo Congress in South Korea on September 20th, 2015. From the organizers: “In the last 20 years, the WBC as a series of Sessions & Demonstrations has grown to attract participants from more than 30 countries around the world, including world-renowned experts in bamboo design, construction, and architecture. For any professional that works with this amazing natural resource — whether a botanist, biologist, horticulturist, architect, artist, designer, businessperson, government representative, non-profit organization, or economist, the WBC has been an ideal opportunity to meet and develop collaborations in research and development, project or business development, while at the same time, advancing the social and environmental goals derived from the various applications of bamboo.”

Studio

Studio

Final Presentations

Final Presentations

Final Presentations

Final Presentations

Final Presentations

Berta, Schirmer

Leuzinger, Schmid

Huber, Sauser

Hofer, Huwyler

Hartwig, Niffeler

Huber, Sauser

Berta, Schirmer

Fritz, Mermod

Birchler, Rutishauser

 
On 26th May 2015 the Final Presentations took place in the Assistant Professorship Dirk E. Hebel’s Design Studio. Guest critiques, including Bijoy Jain, Jürgen Mayer H, Steven Spier, Stefan Hörner and Philippe Block joined for the full day event and shared their valuable expertise.

In the Spring Semester 2015 the students were introduced to a broad number of Swiss resources. In collaboration with professional craftsmen they investigated the architectonic potential of specific building materials. Context, material and constructive principles followed a clear causality and ended in the design of an atelier or a different spatial arrangement of a similar scale, for the respective craftsman. On the basis of a built 1:1 extract we finally test the validity of the project.

It is the declared aim of the course to teach responsibility in the use of material resources and for the hereof deviated principles of construction. Decisions of design should not only result from aesthetic points of view, but bring up questions regarding availability of materials, skills, talents, responsibility for sustainable resources, functionality and respect for social and cultural settings and the traditional comprehension of handicraft, joining principles and production technologies.

Photo credits: Assistant Professorship Dirk E. Hebel/ Wojciech Zawarski

McKnight, Jenna (2015). ETH Zurich designers create arched pavilion out of upcycled beverage cartons, DEZEEN Architectural Magazine

Architects and engineers from ETH Zurich university used waste material to create a vaulted pavilion for New York City’s Ideas Festival. The ETH Future Pavilion was designed to demonstrate how trash can be transformed into a viable building material. The temporary structure was constructed within a narrow park that stretches between two buildings in New York’s East Village.

Read more here.

In April 2015 swissnex San Francisco together with Chair of Architecture and Construction at ETH Zurich organized a one week event called ‘Building From Waste’. During this time everyone interested in the issues of rethinking the use of waste could participate in a series of presentations, a panel discussion, a hands-on workshop and an exhibition.

Public lecture by Dirk E. Hebel at the architect@work event in Zürich, Switzerland. This international exhibition and symposium event takes place in ten different European countrys every year. The 2015 event in Zürich is the third of its kind in Switzerland. Special desigened exhibition layouts allow to place innovative ideas in architecture, construction and design at the forefront of discussion and exchange. Dirk E. Hebel will speak about the latest research outcomes of the team`s material and construction laboratories in Zürich and Singapore.

On Tuesday, April 28, 2015, a stakeholders forum in Butajira city to place to present and discuss further steps of the Rural Housing research project, a combined research project of EiABC and ETH Professorship Dirk E. Hebel, with representatives of Guraghe Zone Administration, City Government, Bete Guraghe Cultural Center, colleagues from Wolkite University and Wolkite Polytechnic College and other stakeholder.

swissnex-constructingwaste

swissnex-constructingwaste

swissnex-constructingwaste

swissnex-constructingwaste

swissnex-constructingwaste

swissnex-constructingwaste

swissnex-constructingwaste

Can design reduce waste production? How can small adjustments in the typical life cycle of everyday products drastically minimize waste flow? The search for the answers to those and other refuse-related questions were the goals of this year’s ‘Constructing from Waste’ workshop in San Francisco led by Marta H. Wisniewska and Felix Heisel. Participants with different background and experience, including students, school teachers, architects and product designers, worked on eight different proposals. Andreas Müller of Birkhäuser, publisher of the Building from Waste book, awarded the best three proposals with recent publications.

The Constructing Waste: Upcycling and Rethinking Trash workshop was organized in cooperation with Mary Ellyn Johnson of swissnex SF in the frame of a one week long event at swissnex San Francisco promoting the Building from Waste book, which has just entered the US market.

For more information click here.

Photo credits: swissnex SF/ Mayleen Hollero

Building from Waste

Building from Waste

Building from Waste_NewspaperWood

Building from Waste_RecyBlock

Building from Waste_Mycoworks

Building from Waste

The exhibition Building from Waste: Material Showcase accompanied the Building from Waste book promotion week, which took place at swissnex San Francisco between April 20 – 25, 2015

The Asst. Professorship of Architecture and Construction Dirk E. Hebel brought the Building from Waste: Material Showcase to swissnex San Francisco, items of loan from the Baubibliothek of the ETH-Bibliothek. Visitors had a chance to experience over 20 alternative construction materials produced from waste. The exhibited materials cover a wide range of building elements made from straw or PET bottles, fibers extracted from old newspapers, juice and milk containers, denim jeans, and many more. Additionally the exhibition included an extended display of mycelium lightweight products in different moments of growth produced by local artist and inventor Phill Ross of Mycoworks.

For more information click here.

Photo credits: swissnex SF/ Mayleen Hollero

Marta H. Wisniewska and Felix Heisel at swissnex SF

Marta H. Wisniewska and Felix Heisel at swissnex SF

Phil Ross- Mycoworks

Thom Faulders- Studio Faulders

Peter Ratto- Recology SF

Panel discussion at swissnex SF

Felix Heisel and Marta H. Wisniewska at swissnex SF

Waste Not Panel Discussion at swissnex San Francisco on April 21, 2015 started a week-long event organized by Mary Ellyn Johnson and the swissnex SF team around the launch of the Building from Waste book for the US market.

Future resilient cities will be constructed out of their own refuse. This hypothesis was the spark for the book, Building from Waste: Recovered Materials in Architecture and Construction by Dirk E. Hebel, Marta H. Wisniewska and Felix Heisel from ETH Zurich and the Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore.

Felix Heisel and Marta H. Wisniewska gave a conceptual and practical look at materials and products that use waste as a renewable resource during their presentation and panel discussion at swissnex San Francisco. From the local experts, Philip Ross (Mycoworks), Thom Foulders (Foulders Studio) and Peter Ratto (Recology), the guests could hear how mushrooms can be a viable building material, how experiments in architecture are incorporating unique products focused on sustainability and renewal, and how San Francisco’s Recology is working towards zero waste for the city by 2020.

For more information click here.

Photo credits: swissnex SF/ Mayleen Hollero

Hebel, Dirk (2015). `Afrikas Moderne`, werk, bauen+wohnen, Display 4-2015. Seite 55-56, Zürich, Schweiz

«Architektur der Unabhängigkeit» im Vitra Design Museum Weil am Rhein. Zwischen 1957 und 1966 erlangten zweiunddreissig der heutigen vierundfünfzig afrikanischen Länder ihre Unabhängigkeit. Diese Zeit war geprägt vom Geiste des Aufbruchs, des Stolzes, des Optimismus und auch einem latent vorhandenen Grössenwahn, der seinen Niederschlag in unzähligen Bauten und Projekten wiederfindet, welche die Ausstellung «Architektur der Unabhängigkeit» in der Galerie des Vitra Design Museums in Weil am Rhein hervorhebt.

Paul, Jochen (2015). `Bauen mit Müll`, Scheizer Baublatt, Seite 16-19, Rüschlikon, Schweiz

Global betrachtet wird Müll in naher Zukunft zu einer wichtigen Ressource: Entwicklungsländer könnten ihre Importabhängigkeit bei Baustoffen reduzieren, die lndustriestaaten wertvolle Rohstoffe und graue Energie einsparen. Notwendig dafür ist ein Umdenken.

Toh, Felicia (2015). `Action for Cities`, Singapore Architect. Issue 04/2015: Education and Research, page 130-137, Singapore

The Future Cities: Research in Action exhibition by Future Cities Laboratory featured prominently on the ground floor of URA Centre from 23 January to 13 March 2015. Felicia Toh investigates its key research interests in cities.

Lim, Jan (2015). `Researching the future city`, CUBES. pages 156-157, Singapore

An exhibition at the URA Centre presented four years of research and offered practical proposals for the development of sustainable future cities.

Article published at Sourceable: Bamboo is one of the world’s oldest structural materials and has been used in construction for centuries. Now new research could potentially bolster its continued resurgence and use as a material in green structures. Steel-reinforced concrete is the most common building material in the world. Developing countries use close to 90 per cent of the cement and 80 per cent of the steel consumed by the global construction sector. According to research by the chair of architecture and construction at Future Cities Laboratory (FCL) in the Singapore-ETH Centre, 70 per cent of damage in the built environment today is caused by corrosion of steel inside reinforced concrete structures. In addition, steel is also costly and energy hungry when it comes to production and transportation. Read more here.

Johnson, Nathan (2015). `Could bamboo replace steel reinforcement in developing countries?` Architecture and Design Australia. Chatswood, Australia.

Singapore’s Future Cities Laboratory is working to tap into the potential of bamboo as an alternative to steel for reinforced concrete applications in developing countries. Currently, steel-reinforced concrete is the most common building material in the world, and developing countries use close to 90 per cent of the cement and 80 per cent of the steel consumed by the global construction sector. However, few developing countries actually produce their own steel or cement and are thus forced into exploitative relationships with sellers in the developed world. read more

McGar, Justin (2015). `The Bamboo Revival: Green Structures`, Sourceable. Industry News and Analysis, Australia and Canada

Bamboo is one of the world’s oldest structural materials and has been used in construction for centuries. Now new research could potentially bolster its continued resurgence and use as a material in green structures. read more